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Augustalis (''fl.'' 5th century) was the first bishop of Toulon, according to some authorities.〔Louis Duchesne, ''Fastes épiscopaux de l'ancienne Gaule: Provinces du Sud-est'' (Paris, 1984), vol. 1, pp. 19 (online ), 250, 269, 349, citing the Latin sources.〕 He was appointed in 441.〔Christine Barnel, "Town and Country in Provence: Toulon, Its Notaries, and Their Clients," in ''Urban and Rural Communities in Medieval France: Provence and Languedoc, 1000–1500'' (Brill, 1998), p. 240 (online. )〕 He attended the Council of Orange that year, and the Council of Vaison the following.〔Auguste Allmer, ''Revue épigraphique du Midi de la France'' 2 (1884–1889), pp. 374–375 (online. )〕 He is associated with the ''civitas'' of Arles (ancient Arelate) by the ''Martyrologium Hieronymianum'',〔Duchesne, ''Fastes épiscopaux'', p. 250.〕 which honors him on September 7.〔''Martyrologium Hieronymianum'' VII id. sept., as cited by S.T. Loseby, "Bishops and Cathedrals: Order and Density in the Fifth-Century Urban Landscape of Southern Gaul," in ''Fifth-Century Gaul: A Crisis of Identity'' (Cambridge University Press, 1992), p. 147 (online. )〕 He is also named by the ''Martyrologium romanum'' on that day, with his location noted as ''in Gallia''.〔''Martyrologium romanum Gregorii XIII, Pontificis Maximi. Urbani VIII et Clementis Papae X auctoritate recognitum'' ((1807). )〕 An Augustalis, most likely this man, appears among a group of bishops addressed by Pope Leo I in letters dated 22 August 449 and 5 May 450, the latter of which addresses issues of jurisdiction between Arles and Vienne.〔''St. Leo the Great: Letters'', translated by Edmund Hunt (Fathers of the Church, 1957), pp. 120–121 and 134–135. See also Jacques Paul Migne, ''Flavii Lucii Dextri Chronicon'' in ''Patrologiae latina cursus completus'' (Paris, 1846), vol. 31, 507/508 (online ), especially note 7.〕 ==''De ratione Paschae''== :''See also Computus and Epact.'' The bishop, or another churchman named Augustalis in Gaul of the 5th century (possibly the 3rd〔For the scholarly debate on his date, see Alden A. Mosshammer, ''The Easter Computus and the Origins of the Christian Era'' (Oxford University Press), pp. 217 and 227–228.〕) was the author of a tract ''De ratione Paschae'', a table or laterculus on calculating the Paschal cycle. He is referenced in the Carthaginian Computus of 455,〔For the Latin text of which see Bruno Krusch, ''Studien zur christlich-mittelalterlichen Chronologie. Der 84jährige Ostercyclus und seine Quellen'' (Leipzig, 1880), reference to Augustalis p. 280 ( online ).〕 preserved in an 8th-century chronographical manuscript in the cathedral library at Lucca.〔Bibl. Cap. 490. The text of the Carthaginian Computus was first published in 1761 by Giovan Domenico Mansi.〕 The table itself is not extant and the description of it is insufficient for reconstruction. Augustalis reckoned that the Crucifixion took place on 25 March in the year 28,〔Mosshammer, ''The Easter Computus'', p. 219.〕 on the 14th day of the moon. The dating of the Passion to 28 agrees with that of Prosper Tiro.〔Mosshammer, ''The Easter Computus'', p. 228.〕 The base date of Augustalis's laterculus was the year 213. It covered a hundred years, ending in 312.〔In the inclusive counting of ancient Rome. See Faith Wallis, ''Bede: The Reckoning of Time'' (Liverpool University Press, 1999), p. xiv (online. )〕 Augustalis worked with, or is thought sometimes even to have originated, the 84-year Metonic cycle usually associated, like the date of March 25 for Easter, with the Celtic tradition of Christianity in Gaul and the Celtic Islands, including ''Hibernia'' (Ireland) and ''Britannia'' (Britain).〔Mosshammer, ''The Easter Computus'', pp. 217, 220, 225–228.〕 This cycle is characterized by a 14th-year ''saltus lunae'' ("leap" of the moon), a day added to the epact to reconcile the lunar year to the solar (compare leap year).〔Wallis, ''Bede'', p. xiv. For an explanation of ''saltus'' and its usage by scholars in the context of the epact, see Mosshammer, ''The Easter Computus'', pp. 75–76 (online. )〕 Although the author of the Carthaginian Computus takes note of Augustalis as a man "of most sainted memory,"〔''Sanctissimae memoriae Augustalis''.〕 he points out several errors in his computations.〔Mosshammer, ''The Easter Computus'', p. 218.〕 The 19th-century German scholar Bruno Krusch placed Augustalis in the 3rd century〔This dating would exclude the possibility that the ''De ratione'' author was the same man as the bishop of Toulon or the Augustalis whose saint's day was September 7.〕 and thought that the ''supputatio Romana'', an 84-year Roman table,〔Mosshammer reproduces the table pp. 210–211.〕 was derived from the table of Augustalis, which he further identified as the "old table" (''vetus laterculus'') referenced in a Paschal prologue in a manuscript at Cologne.〔Krusch as summarized by Mosshammer, ''The Easter Computus'', pp. 208–209, 217. Although Mansi had published the Carthaginian Computus in the 18th century, it had gone mostly unnoticed by scholars until Krusch's republication in 1880.〕 The "old table" is more often assumed to be the 112-year table of Hippolytus.〔On the vexed identity of this Hippolytus, see Mosshammer, "The Hippolytan Problem," in ''The Easter Computus'' pp. 118–121 ''(et passim )''.〕 Eduard Schwartz criticized the views of Krusch, asserting that the table of Augustalis was never used in Rome and that it represented an "eccentric version" of the 84-year cycle used by the insular Celtic churches. He places Augustalis in the 5th century.〔Wallis, ''Bede'', p. xiv; Mosshammer, ''The Easter Computus'', p. 222.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Augustalis (bishop)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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